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Setting the Standard
Verbs
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Verbs
Verbs are typically referred to as Action (dynamic) words, however this is only one of their many functions Verbs are also used to express a state of mind, condition or a relationship between one thing and another. One of the chief differences that can be drawn between verb types is Lexical that is, one based upon the words meaning. Verbs that refer to States tend not to be used with Continuous forms, (ing) because states of mind and relationships are not processes that move but are rather static by nature.
A second and equally important distinction that can be made between Verb types is that between Main Verbs, verbs that function by themselves and convey the key meaning in any group of verbs e.g. to love to hit, to sing, and Auxiliary (meaning to help) verbs that add or help to give extra meaning to the main verb. Auxiliary verbs cannot be used by them selves and must accompany a main verb e.g. had (had breakfast), can (can swim), is (is sick) etc.
State and dynamic Verbs
This distinction is drawn between different kinds of Main Verbs.
State verbs express a state of mind, to love, to hate, to know or
a relationship, to be, to belong, to have, to resemble because state are not actions we tend not uses them with continuous from e.g.
I love you. Not I am loving you.
I know him. Not I am knowing him.
I like ice-cream. Not I am liking ice-cream.
Dynamic Verbs describe actions acts activities and processes: to hit, to run, to jump, to change, to flow, to walk, to crawl,
By the very nature of the kinds of things Dynamic Verbs describe continuous can be used.
I run. (Present simple) I am running. (Present continuous)
I hit him. (Present simple) I am hitting him. (Present continuous)
List of State Verbs
| State of mind | Relationships |
| to love | to be |
| to hate | to own |
| to know | to have |
| to like | to resemble |
| to understand | to belong |
| to need | |
| to want | |
| to wonder | |
| to dislike |
Regular and Irregular Verbs
| Infinitive | Past simple | Past principle |
| Cast | Cast | Cast |
| Cost | Cost | Cost |
| Cut | Cut | Cut |
| Fit | Fit/Fitted | Fit |
| Hit | Hit | Hit |
| Let | Let | Let |
| Put | Put | Put |
| Read (long) | Read (short) | Read (short) |
| Set | Set | Set |
| Shut | Shut | Shut |
| Spread | Spread | Spread |
Continuous form of regular verbs
When making the continuous form or regular verbs the simple addition of ing is used. e.g. Cast > Casting Read > Reading.
For words ending in a single consonant with a short vowel sound it is necessary to double the last consonant to keep the vowel sound short. e.g.
Cut > Cutting Fit > Fitting Set > Setting
Irregular Verbs
There are approximately 300 irregular verbs in the English language, and there are no rules or easy way to tell whether or not a verb is regular or irregular. However irregular verbs can be grouped in accordance with the pattern in which they change form to make learning easier.
Changes in the past
| Infinitive | Past simple | Past Participle |
| bind | bound | bound |
| feed | fed | fed |
| find | found | found |
| get | got | got |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hold | Held | held |
| lay | laid | laid |
| light | lit | lit |
| make | made | made |
| meet | met | met |
| pay | paid | paid |
| say | said | said |
| sell | Sold | sold |
| shoot | shot | shot |
| sit | sat | sat |
| stand | stood | stood |
| tell | told | told |
Changes in the past and past participle
| Infinitive | Past simple | Past Participle |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| sink | sank | sunk |
Irregular verbs be and go
Irregular verbs be and go different to all other in so much as their forms have no relation to each other in terms of spelling.
| be | go | |
| Present Tense | am/is/are | go(es) |
| Past Tense | was/were | went |
| Past Participle | been | gone |
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